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The EU has implemented a comprehensive plastics strategy to reduce plastic waste and promote the transition to a circular economy. This strategy includes measures to limit single-use plastic products and encourage the use of sustainable alternatives, including bioplastics. There are also a range of certifications related to plastics. In this knowledge article, we provide an overview of the field.
The REACH regulation
REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) is the overarching EU regulation for the control of chemicals. It also covers plastics and bioplastics, particularly in relation to additives and monomers used in production. All manufacturers in the plastics sector must ensure that their products comply with REACH requirements in order to be sold in the EU.
Under the REACH Regulation, manufacturers and importers must register all chemical substances used in plastics, provided the quantity exceeds one ton per year. Registration requires detailed information on the properties, potential risks and safe use of the substance. Once registered, substances are evaluated by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to ensure they meet safety requirements. If a substance is assessed as potentially hazardous, a more in-depth review may be carried out.
Some substances with hazardous properties, such as carcinogens or endocrine disruptors, may require authorization to be used in plastics production. The aim of the authorization process is to phase out so-called 'Substances of Very High Concern' (SVHC) and replace them with safer alternatives. In addition, REACH may also restrict or completely ban the use of certain chemicals in plastics. Examples include phthalates, used as plasticizers, and bisphenol A (BPA), both of which are subject to restrictions. For example, phthalates are banned in toys and medical devices where they can cause harm if exposed.
Standards and certifications for bioplastics
To ensure quality and environmental performance, several standards and certifications exist for bioplastics:
- EN 13432: A European standard specifying requirements for compostability and biodegradability of packaging.
- OK Compost (TÜV Austria) A certification indicating that a product is industrially compostable according to EN 13432.
- "OK Home Compost" (TÜV Austria) - A certification indicating that a product is compostable in home compost.
- OK Biodegradable Soil and Marine: Certifications indicating that a product is biodegradable in soil and marine environments respectively.
- BPI (Biodegradable Products Institute, USA). Less common in Sweden, but important for Nordic companies exporting to the USA.
- The Seedling label (European Bioplastics) is widely known and accepted throughout the Nordic region and indicates that a product is compostable according to EN 13432.
- ASTM D6866 (Bio-based content) for products marketed as 'bio-based'.
Upcoming regulations and laws for plastic manufacturers
Although many REACH requirements already apply, the regulatory framework continues to evolve. New substances and restrictions are being added, particularly in relation to substances such as PFAS, microplastics and other harmful chemicals in plastics.Companies handling plastic materials therefore need to follow developments closely to ensure they meet both current and future requirements.
Restrictions on microplastics
The EU is planning to introduce restrictions on intentionally added microplastics in products. This may affect plastic manufacturers who use microplastics as additives in their products and will lead to increased demand for alternatives.
National initiatives
Several EU countries have introduced their own regulations to reduce plastic waste. For example, some countries have introduced taxes on plastic bags or bans on specific plastic products. These national initiatives can influence plastic manufacturers and drive the transition to bioplastics.